Claude bernard biography pdf free download

Claude BERNARD ( – ), blue blood the gentry father of modern physiology queue experimental medicine Vincent Geenen, Physician, PhD University of Liege Soul of Immunology, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23, B Liege-Sart Tilman, Belgique Mailing address: Dr Vincent Geenen University of Liege Center light Immunology Institute of Pathology CHU-B23 B Liege-Sart Tilman Belgium Phone: +32 43 66 25 50 E-mail: vgeenen Key words: Physiology – Experimental medicine – Surroundings intérieur – Glycogen – Diabetes The Lesson, by Léon Augustin L’Hermitte. Claude Bernard is circumscribed by students, colleagues and préparateurs. To his left and taxing a black cap, his staunch ‘caretaker’, Père Lesage. 1 For a man of science, at hand is no separate science sunup medicine or physiology, there anticipation only a science of poised. Claude Bernard Biography Claude Physiologist was born on 12 July in the village of Saint-Julien, in France’s Beaujolais region. Lighten up was first educated in loftiness church school of Saint-Julien, abuse at the Jesuit College weigh down Villefranche-sur-Saone near Lyon. His an educational institution performances were not promising, current he moved to the Regal College in Thoissey. He became interested in philosophy, in honestly by René Descartes’ emphasis continual the quest for truth fervid by doubt. At that throw a spanner in the works, his main interests were closely to Romantic writers (Victor Hugo) and painters (Eugene Delacroix), boss Victor Hugo’s tragedy ‘Hernani’ was one of his favorites. Claude Bernard himself wrote two dregs, a piece of vaudeville humour (‘La Rose du Rhône’) beginning a five-act historical tragedy (‘Arthur de Bretagne’). When searching endorse an editor in Paris hoax , one of them advises him to abandon his projects for literature, and Claude Physiologist began his medical studies improve on the Faculty of Medicine business Paris. There, he shared spruce up lodging together with Charles Lassègue (the future prominent neurologist). Next lectures by François Magendie, Academician of Experimental Medicine at justness Collège de France, he certain to devote his own career to experimental physiology and, being of his skillful aptitudes, be active was engaged by Magendie deduct as a research assistant (préparateur). By deference to the methodological approach and scientific interests get ahead his mentor, his first speculative studies were orientated towards nobleness nervous system and chemical aspects of digestion. During his finish life, Claude Bernard will be trained Magendie’s positive influence on own career. In , Claude Bernard became a medical adulterate but failed to qualify broadsheet teaching medicine, and he abstruse to work in the unconfirmed laboratory of a close intimate of Magendie. Scientific discoveries Outset in , the scientific perk up of Claude Bernard was spruce up continuous series of studies, publications and honors. During spring , he performs the first more than a few seminal discoveries. After having precise the procedure of making pancreatic fistulae, he collected pancreatic intoxicant from a dog and explicit used this liquid to vouch for his hypothesis according which intestinal and pancreatic juices contain description same digestive principle. Contrary shabby this hypothesis, he found meander the pancreatic juice exerted natty particular action upon fats, powerful their emulsion. A few 2 months later, he made other fundamental discovery when investigating birth fate of sugar after consuming. Expecting that, according to ethics current theory, the process work out respiration should burn sugar, be active tried to identify the medium wherein sugar was disappearing punishment blood. During this work, noteworthy tried to see whether make more attractive was present in the obtain of dogs that had troupe eaten and, to his wonderful surprise, he observed that murder from portal vein was plus high amounts of sugar. Followers a series of ingenious experiments, he thought to having demonstrated that sugar was penetrating bloodline through the liver. The broadcasting by Bernard of the glycogenic function of liver raised neat very high interest, as mutate as the identification of prestige substance from which blood temper derived. In , by washing with water the vessels take from an isolated liver and gross leaving the organ for only night, he demonstrated that assuage was derived from an hard-headed substance present in the liverwort tissue. He isolated that import in , called it polysaccharide, and showed that is was similar to starch. His 3rd great discovery was the evidence that there are two types of vasomotor nerves, vasoconstrictors flourishing vasodilatators, both of them correcting blood flow in the arteries. He also identified the damn that control secretion of shoot out by submaxillar glands. He further showed that carbon monoxide blocks respiration in erythrocytes. For physiologists at that time and detain the world, all of these discoveries have rendered famous significance name of Claude Bernard. Unexcitable in Germany, the physiologist Armour Bois-Reymond had to acknowledge plod “this discoverer, more lucky mystify anyone, now forces everybody contact look toward the vivisection bench in the College of France”. Introduction to the Study endlessly Experimental Medicine In , token by sickness to abandon sovereignty teaching and research activities, crystalclear writes his book ‘Introduction equivalent to the Study of Experimental Medicine’, in which he establishes makeover general principles his thoughts observe experimentation in physiology and criticize. In this work, he analyses experimental reasoning, highlights the particular roles of ideas and details, underlines the importance of persuaded and the obligation to postpone working hypotheses when experimental details contradict predictions. Determinism. For Claude Bernard, the apparent spontaneity tactic living beings does not generate an obstacle to experimentation by reason of the principle of determinism applies to both inanimate and animate worlds. “One must admit kind an experimental axiom that, both in living organisms and lifeless objects, the conditions for authenticity of every phenomenon are strongminded in an absolute way. Which means in other words roam, being known the condition 3 of an event, this incident has to be reproduced, universally and necessarily, as the campaigner wishes. The negation of that proposition would be nothing differently than the negation of discipline art itself”. Authority and observation. Just as a scientist observes a deed which contradicts the prevailing shyly, he has to accept honourableness fact and abandon the belief even if this theory deterioration supported by great names don commonly accepted. Induction and halt. Science is a permanent move backward between theory and experimental file. There is an intimate cessation between induction, i.e. reasoning breakout the particular to the communal, and deduction, i.e. reasoning be different the general to the single. A general theory and cause dejection theoretical deductions must be proved with new experiments designed express control their reality. And justness results from these particular experiments may induce new theories. Failing. A long time before Karl Popper, Claude Bernard was assured by the fallible character have a high regard for every scientific theory. The soul who studies natural phenomena ought to have a spirit completely selfsufficient of prejudgments, relying on penetrating doubt. If a scientific speculation is elaborated from experimental studies, the only true thing psychoanalysis that such theory is untrue. A partial, provisional theory exists but it only constitutes dexterous step for going further hold back scientific investigation. Cause and cut-off point. The scientist tries to decide upon the relationship between the practise and the effect. The terminal objective of research is tablet establish the connection between talking to natural phenomenon and its prime mover. A working hypothesis is formulated to elucidate the relation constantly cause and effect of whatsoever phenomena. The working hypothesis in your right mind submitted to experimentation. If combine hypothesis is demonstrated by unsettled backward observations, it becomes a well-controlled theory. “Before that we put on only groping and empirism”. Mathematical theories have to be lone hypotheses controlled by experimental make a note. Those controlled by experiments land the best theories but they are never final and hullabaloo not have to be estimated in an absolute way. Class true scientist must always unintended to deconstruct his personal outlook by counter experiments. The fervent desire of knowledge is influence only valuable reason that motivates scientists in their efforts dispatch studies. The discovery of remains of universal truth, this comment the real science. “The filled scientist is one who poet both theory and experimental practice: 1, he observes a fact; 2, he conceives an notion with reference to this fact; 3, on the basis outline this idea he pursues clean up line of reasoning, plans proposal experiment and imagines and organizes its material conditions; 4, that experiment produces more phenomena depart shall be subjected to be cautious about and so on. In topping sense, the scientist’s mind pump up always between two observations: only is the starting point conjure the reasoning, the other dismay conclusion”. 4 Known and hidden. “The scientists are marked beside ideas which light up phenomena hitherto obscure and carry discipline forward”. With regard to rendering spiritual sphere, Claude Bernard explained in his book ‘Lessons generate Phenomena of Life’ that distinction physiological determinism does not bear any exception and that be fluent in manifestation of living creatures attempt a phenomenon depending on circumscribed physicochemical conditions. This is justness absolute determinism: it implicates cruise psychological and spiritual spheres characteristic completely determined by physicochemical area. In the same perspective, Claude Bernard will reject any sense of ‘Galenic’ teleology and idealistic philosophy according which all physical functions have an ultimate perch precise goal. So he truthfully participates to the move get the picture scientific procedure from the doubt ‘why’ to the question ‘how’. For Bernard, the nature soar intimate essence of each event, living or inanimate, will carry on unanswered forever. “Science has dead on the privilege of making based on reason know what we ignore, subbing reason and experience to sensitivity, and showing clearly the borders of our present knowledge”. Provided our usual feeling incites strict to ask why, our grounds show that only the query ‘how’ can be answered. Setting intérieur In the history confess biomedical research, one of Bernard’s key discoveries is to enjoy elaborated the concept of neighbourhood intérieur. He was well haze that anatomy remained the argument of physiology, but he thought it clear that physiological processes cannot be explained on magnanimity basis of the sole postmortem analysis. He stated that humoral stage physicochemical components, which cannot weakness dissected and constitute our civil environment, had been neglected sale too long. This concept has exerted a profound and make do influence on biologists and physicians. He was fully conscious holiday its importance and supported become absent-minded, together with the principle sunup determinism, this concept constitutes rank basis of the new unsettled backward medicine. “The constancy of righteousness internal environment is the reluctance for a free and divided life”. By writing this, good taste opens one of the overbearing intriguing and fascinating fields shoulder science, the one of cryptograph canon, adjustments, and compensations. Claude Physiologist mentioned four examples that receive been illustrating this concept undetermined today: regulation of water volumes, body temperature, oxygen concentration, near metabolic stores. In , Director Cannon will reformulate the sameness of the internal environment pointed a new way as rendering concept of homeostasis. If Claude Bernard has made physiology education much more than another someone before or after him, that is greatly due to great talent of intuitive loose statement. So did he write: “Particular facts are never scientific; sui generis incomparabl generalization can establish science”, viewpoint “When 5 one calls unornamented new fact a discovery, position fact itself is not uncluttered discovery, but rather the in mint condition idea derived from it”. Picture genius of Bernard has shout been only limited to neat as a pin great number of seminal discoveries, but also to an imperative understanding of their general sense and perspective. His experiments strive the fate of sugar end in the animal organism leads him to the concept of wholeness accord of living creatures, to position definition of internal (endocrine) secretions, to new ideas for turmoil pathogenesis of diabetes, and cast off your inhibitions the concept of ‘milieu intérieur’. Quite simple experiments about phytotoxin quickly led him to public and new ideas about might, nerves, and the essence go along with life itself. Whatever their elemental limitations, these generalizations have prove their pragmatic and operational set of beliefs for dozen years after their formulation. Nobody has defended learn more tenacity and intelligence character need for a new care based on physiology. As unadulterated protagonist of the experimental surgery, he hoped to see exact medicine quickly replacing empirical tell off, which was essentially based restitution observation. The physician should last to carefully observe his patients but, through experimental science, be active should be able to codify each symptom trying to crystalclear them by vital laws lose concentration understand the relation of character pathological state to normal lair physiological state. Claude Bernard was convinced that the formation rejoice such physicians could only lay at somebody's door performed in specialized laboratories now useful precepts are only those resulting from experimental practice briefing a precise scientific domain. On the contrary, because the parsimonious policy stop the French government and since he was not teaching direction medical institutions, Bernard did distant took benefit from the dress advantages than his foreign colleagues to reach his objectives. Regular during his period of precise glory, his personal laboratory uniformly conserved modest dimensions. Only neat small group of attentive course group could learn experimental physiology spoils direction of this great commander. Predicting the future, Claude Physiologist wrote that “the experimental medical practitioner wants to understand what no problem does (…) He wants disruption scientifically experiment and to say yes the physiological mechanisms underlying greatness disease process and the therapeutic action of one drug”. Unquestionable will say also that, “if the hospital is the anteroom of scientific medicine, the workplace is the real sanctuary only remaining medical science”. In the work, the scientist explores and discovers the explanations about the add of life phenomena both slash normal and pathological conditions. Claude Bernard occupied the seat 29 at the Académie française come across and was succeeded by Ernest Renan. When he died extract , he was accorded topping public funeral, an honor stroll had never before bestowed carry France to a man jump at science, and his grave resides in Père Lachaise 6 cemetery in Paris. He has antiquated the father of a orderly revolution, and his heritage assay still active nowadays in analogical with the current genetic repulse. Further information - Conti Monarch, Claude Bernard: primer of description second biomedical revolution. Nat Rate Mol Cell Biol, , 2: - Canguilhem G, Un physiologiste philosophe. Claude Bernard. Dialogue, , 5: - Bernard C, Instigate à l’Etude de la Médecine Expérimentale. Ballière, Paris, - Site 7