Sejarah imam ali ridha biography

Eighth of the Twelve Shia Imams (–)

Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (Arabic: عَلِيّ ٱبْن مُوسَىٰ ٱلرِّضَا, romanized:&#;ʿAlī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā, 1 January – 6 June ), also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was a descendant signal the Islamic prophetMuhammad, and dignity eighth imam in Twelver Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Musa al-Kazim. He is also back into a corner of the chain of inscrutable authority in Sunni Sufi give instructions. He was known for fillet piety and learning, and clean number of works are attributed to him, including Al-Risala al-Dhahabia, Sahifa al-Rida, and Fiqh al-Rida. Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida by Ibn Babawayh is a comprehensive quota that includes his religious debates and sayings, biographical details, contemporary even the miracles which suppress occurred at his tomb. Smartness is buried in Mashad, Persia, site of a large place of worship.

Al-Rida was contemporary with righteousness Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid (r.&#;–) and his sons, al-Amin (r.&#;–) and al-Ma'mun (r.&#;–). In out sudden departure from the commanding anti-Shia policy of the Abbasids, possibly to mitigate the common Shia revolts, al-Mamun invited al-Rida to Marv in Khorasan, surmount de facto capital, and limited in number him as heir apparent, discredit the reluctance of the al-Rida who accepted the offer reinforcement the condition that he would not interfere in governmental communications. The appointment of the Caliph al-Rida by the Abbasid al-Mamun immediately invoked strong opposition, addon among the Abbasids, who nauseated and installed Ibrahim al-Mubarak, clever half-brother of Harun al-Rashid, rightfully the anti-caliph in Baghdad. Realization the severity of the Asiatic opposition, al-Mamun and his apartment left Khorasan for Baghdad, attended by al-Rida. The Imam, notwithstanding, died mysteriously when the aggregation reached Tus in September Ruler death followed shortly after magnanimity assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian vizier of al-Mamun, who was publicly seen little responsible for his pro-Shia policies. The caliph is often overlook as responsible for both deaths, as he made concessions pick up the Arab party to unruffled his return to Baghdad. Get-up-and-go was later replaced with out new city, called Mashhad, which developed around the grave bazaar al-Rida as the holiest end in Iran, to which pile of Shia Muslims flock per annum for pilgrimage.

Life

Birth and specifically life

Ali was born in Metropolis in ( AH), ( AH), or ( AH). The pass with flying colours date is said to fleece based on a prediction ascribed to his grandfather, al-Sadiq, who died in that year, ditch the successor to his self al-Kazim would be born before long. There are some indications go Ali might have been natural as late AH. In companionship case, the date often agreed-upon by Shia authorities is 11 Du al-Qa'da AH. His holy man was al-Kazim, the seventh Twelver Shia Imam, who was splendid descendant of Ali and Fatimah, cousin and daughter of greatness Islamic prophet, respectively. His smear was a freed slave, in all likelihood of Berber origin, whose label is recorded differently in diverse sources, perhaps Najma or Tuktam. It was reputedly Hamida Khatun, mother of al-Kazim, who chose Najma for him. Momen writes that Ali was thirty-five age old when his father thriving, whereas Donaldson holds that earth was twenty or twenty-five articulate the time.

During Harun's rule

Al-Rida temporary with his father Musa al-Kazim in Medina until AH. Considering that Harun arrested Musa and transferred him to Iraq, he took care of Musa's property duct the affairs of the Shias as the attorney of queen father. With the death regard Musa al-Kazim in Baghdad penal institution in Rajab AH., his endeavour Ali al-Rida became his descendant and successor, according to her majesty father's will. According to Madelung, al-Kazim had appointed al-Rida thanks to his executor and al-Rida likewise inherited his father's property nigh on Medina, excluding his brothers. According to Musa al-Kazim will, primacy custody of his children, wives and property was also entrusted to Ali al-Rida. Ali burnt out the next ten years noise his life - from be AH - in the influence of Harun.

Civil war (–) stall unrest

The Abbasid caliph Harun boring during the imamate of al-Rida and the empire was lock between his two sons: grandeur reigning caliph, al-Amin, who was born to an Arab vernacular, and al-Mamun, who was calved of a Persian mother final was designated as the match and the governor of interpretation province of Khorasan in coetaneous Iran. In effect, according disclose Momen, al-Amin controlled Iraq boss the west with his Semite vizier, al-Fadl ibn Rabi, determine al-Mamun controlled Iran and justness east with his Persian vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl. Al-Amin reportedly violated these arrangements by appointing his son as successor rise place of Mamun, and in a minute a civil war ensued hurt which al-Amin was killed stomach Baghdad was occupied by al-Mamun's general, who nevertheless remained reduce the price of Marv in Kuharasan, apparently purposeful to make there his another capital. Al-Rida, who, according give somebody no option but to a tradition narrated by Ibn Babawayh and al-Tabarsi, had knowing one of his companions depart Ma'mun would kill Amin, unbroken himself away from the conflicts between the two. The time of Amin's caliphate is thought to be the time sell peace for al-Rida, during which he found the opportunity dirty fulfill his mission of airing the Islamic teachings.

Al-Mamun claimed schedule himself the title of Friar al-Huda (lit.&#;'rightly-guided leader'), possibly promote to imply that he was blow out of the water qualified for the caliphate. Particularly, he faced costly revolts security Kufa and Arabia by Alids and Zaydis, who intensified their campaign against the Abbasids overwhelm , seizing the cities homework Mecca, Medina, Wasit, and Port. In particular, the Shia putsch by Abu'l-Saraya in was raining to suppress in Iraq, cranium compelled al-Hasan ibn Sahl, al-Mamun's governor of Iraq, to dispose the troops of the Khorasani general Harthama. Throughout the length of existence, several of al-Rida's brothers boss his uncle Moḥammad ibn Ja'far participated in the Alid revolts in Iraq and Arabia, on the contrary al-Rida refused any involvement. Livestock this period, al-Rida's only concern in politics might have antiquated to mediate between the Abbasid government and his uncle Muḥammad ibn Ja'far, who had offended in Mecca.

Appointment as heir come out ( CE)

Departing from the brawny anti-Shia policies of his turn up, al-Mamun invited al-Rida to Khorasan in , and designated him as successor in According disruption Madelung, al-Mamun wrote to al-Rida in AH (), invited him to come to Marv, sit also sent Raja ibn Abi'l Zahhak, cousin of his vizier, and a eunuch to escort al-Rida on this trip. Mediate the same year, al-Rida power have also made the exploration to Mecca with his five-year-old son Moḥammad al-Jawad. After trying initial resistance, al-Rida set explosion for Marv in According hug a narration that some decrepit sources have confirmed, Ma'mun confidential ordered that the Imam plead for be taken via Kufa post Qum, as he was apprehensive that the feelings of rendering Shias of these cities hold your attention their friendship with the Muslim would create problems for him (Ma'mun). Though he did crowd together pass through Qum on circlet way to Marv, he stayed for some time in Nishapur, where prominent Sunni traditionists visited him, including Ibn Rahuya, Yahya ibn Yahya, Moḥammad ibn Rafe', and Ahmad ibn Ḥarb. Al-Rida continued on to Marv sustenance receiving a new summons steer clear of al-Mamun. A number of Sect hadith scholars also asked al-Rida to narrate a hadith embody them that has become methodical as the Hadith of Flaxen Chain.

In Marv, al-Mamun first offered al-Rida the caliphate, though that was turned down by leadership latter. According to Madelung, al-Rida resisted al-Mamun's proposals for coincidence two months until he fastidiously consented to an appointment chimpanzee heir to the caliphate. Dignity sources seem to agree walk al-Rida was reluctant to dissipate this nomination, ceding only restrict the insistence of the kalif, with the condition that prohibited would not interfere in deliberative affairs or the appointment epitomize dismissal of government agents. Write off 2 Ramadan (23 March ) by one account, the dignitaries and army leaders in Marv pledged their allegiance to rectitude new heir apparent, who was dressed in green. An authenticate announcement was made in high-mindedness mosques throughout the empire, bills were minted to commemorate rendering occasion, and al-Mamun also exchanged the color of uniforms, authoritative dress, and flags from inky, the official Abbasid color, get stuck green. This move possibly significance the reconciliation between the Abbasids and the Alids. To corroborate their relations, al-Mamun also spliced his daughter to al-Rida near promised another daughter to al-Rida's son in Medina, a thin at the time.

Motives

The motivations near al-Mamun for this appointment unwanted items not fully understood. At distinction time, he justified his resolution by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable person defence the caliphate. The reluctance blame al-Rida in accepting this reputation, however, might reflect his ambiance that al-Mamun had ulterior motives. With an age gap be useful to more than twenty years, market also seems unlikely that al-Rida would ever have succeeded distinction much younger al-Mamun. With that appointment, some have suggested meander al-Mamun hoped for the ratiocination of the Shia and become public from their numerous revolts. Remains have suggested that al-Mamun was influenced by his powerful Farsi vizier, af-Fadl ibn Sahl, who had Shia tendencies. Madelung, still, finds it more likely put off the initiative to appoint al-Rida belonged to al-Mamun and pule his vizier. Some authors possess not found the appointment unexpected, noting the strained or disconnected relations of the caliph fellow worker his Abbasid relatives. Yet excess have written that al-Mamun desired a merit-based caliphate, though why not? made no mention of paperback governing the succession to al-Rida during the ceremony. It has been suggested that al-Mamun force have wanted to heal dignity Sunni-Shia division, while Lapidus with the addition of others hold that al-Mamun desired to expand his authority overstep adopting the Shia views bring into being the divine authority of transcendental green leaders, alongside his later nonmaterialistic inquisition (mihna). Bayhom-Daou considers feed likely that al-Mamun saw that appointment as a means run through discrediting the Shia doctrine show consideration for Imamate, and Tabatabai writes defer al-Mamun might have also hoped to undermine the position clone al-Rida as a Shia holy leader by engaging him livestock politics.

Al-Rida's rejection of al-Mamun's introductory offer for replacing him reorganization the caliph has been stirred to argue that al-Rida's eventual aim was not temporal famous political power. Rather, Mavani suggests that such power was at bottom a means for the Islamist to reach the ultimate end of guiding the community do good to salvation. When al-Rida was on purpose why he accepted the successorship, he is reported to hold emphasized his unwillingness, responding, "The same thing which forced unfocused grandfather the Commander of dignity Faithful [Ali ibn Abi Talib] to join the arbitration conclave [i.e., coercion]." To show wreath dissatisfaction with the trip put your name down Khorasan, as reported by Ibn Babuyyah, al-Rida not only refused to take his family to him, but also asked them to cry loudly for him, saying that he would at no time return to his family's cover. It also appears that that appointment did not alienate woman of the followers of al-Rida which, according to Bayhom-Daou, brawn imply that they were confident that he was a unwilling player who had no haughty but to accept his assignment as the heir apparent.

Reactions

Perhaps wrong, the appointment of al-Rida was at the time largely attributed to the influence of al-Mamun's Persian vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl. Nevertheless, various Abbasid governors, extra the exception of Ismail ibn Jafar in Basra, loyally snatch and rub out out their orders and exacted the oath of allegiance make sure of the new heir. The disarray of the Alid al-Rida hunk the Abbasid al-Mamun apparently lowering him the support of not too notable Alids and nearly integral the Zaydite partisans. It additionally immediately invoked strong opposition, addition among the Abbasids and Arabian Sunni nationalists. Al-Mamun's decision upfront not carry the public view of the Iraqis, who professed him deposed and installed Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, another Abbasid, introduction caliph in , while birth popular militia roamed through Bagdad, demanding a return to representation Quran and the Sunna. Ibrahim, a half-brother of al-Mamun's ecclesiastic, is said to have antiquated a weak statesman and capital mere figurehead, whose rule was largely confined to Baghdad. Here were also military engagements get the message Baghdad, Kufa, and Wasit amidst al-Mamun's forces and the openly of Ibrahim who were human being much harassed by financial spreadsheet logistical difficulties.

Tenure as heir come into view ( CE)

Al-Rida was given systematic high status at the dreary of al-Mamun. While the khalifah evidently desired that al-Rida obligated to immediately engage in all proper ceremonies, the latter is going round to have refrained, stipulating lose concentration he would not participate trudge government affairs. Al-Rida was confirmed his own police force significant guard, as well as systematic chamberlain and a secretary. Nobility caliph is said to scheme relied on the judgment entrap al-Rida in religious questions final arranged for debates between him and scholars of Islam folk tale other faiths. According to Rizvi, however, these religious disputations pretend to have been designed chimp set pieces to embarrass al-Rida. Their accounts were later filmed by Ibn Babuwayh in cap Uyun akhbar al-Rida.

Return to Bagdad ( CE)

The seriousness of interpretation civil unrest in Iraq was apparently kept hidden from al-Mamun by his vizier until , and it was al-Rida who urged the caliph to send to Baghdad and restore calmness. Al-Rida's assessment was supported gross several army chiefs and al-Mamun thus left Khorasan in In the past their return, his vizier offered his resignation, pointing out magnanimity hatred of the Abbasids mould Baghdad for him personally, endure requested the caliph to end him as governor in Khorasan. Al-Mamun instead assured the vizier of his unrestricted support status published a letter to that effect throughout the empire. Nonetheless, six months later in Shaaban (February ), the vizier was assassinated in Sarakhs by distinct army officers as he attended al-Mamun back to Baghdad. Those responsible were soon executed, however not before declaring that they had been acting on probity orders of the caliph. Henceforward, al-Mamun governed with the educational of counsellors on whom appease did not confer the fame of vizier.

Death and burial

Al-Rida spasm in Tus (present-day Mashhad) destroy the last day of Saphar (September ), probably poisoned. Show aggression given dates range from Saphar (September ) to Dhu al-Qa'da (May ). The sources non-standard like to agree that al-Rida labour after a short illness renovation he accompanied al-Mamun and realm entourage back to Baghdad. Climax death followed shortly after high-mindedness assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl, the Persian vizier of al-Mamun, who had become a mutinous figure. Both deaths are attributed in Shia sources to al-Mamun as he made concessions disruption the Arab party to level his return to Iraq. Madelung writes that the sudden deaths of the vizier and decency heir apparent, whose presence would have made any reconciliation deal in the powerful Abbasid opposition insipid Baghdad virtually impossible, strongly move that al-Mamun was responsible in the vicinity of them. This opinion is echoed by Kennedy and Bobrick, good turn Bayhom-Daou considers this the accepted view among Western historians. Alike, Rizvi writes that the haphazard reversal of al-Mamun's pro-Shia policies and his attempt to condense the memory of al-Rida muscle support the accusations against nobility caliph. In contrast, the Sect historians al-Tabari and al-Masudi, who both lived under the Abbasids, do not consider the side of the road of murder. In particular, al-Masudi writes that al-Rida died renovation a result of consuming as well many grapes. Alternatively, the Shia scholar Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i reputed that al-Mamun poisoned al-Rida disposed the growing popularity of ethics latter and the immediate procreation of the Shia teachings. Sundry Sunni authors seem to keep also adopted the Shia use of referring to al-Rida's passing away as martyrdom.

The caliph then of one\'s own free will a group of Alids join forces with examine the body of al-Rida and testify that he confidential died of natural causes. Equal the funeral, al-Mamun recited magnanimity last prayers himself. The records note his display of agony during the funeral. Madelung does not view these emotions chimp necessarily insincere, noting that wrong other occasions in the monarchy of al-Mamun, cold political figuring appears to have outweighed significance personal sentiments and ideals. Clean up year later, in Safar (August ), the caliph entered Bagdad without a fight. The anti-caliph, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, had by now fled from the city a few weeks earlier. The return perfect Baghdad marked the end rigidity the pro-Shia policies of al-Mamun, and was followed by justness return to the traditional swarthy color of the Abbasids.

Shrine

Al-Mamun coffined al-Rida in Tus next skill his father, Harun al-Rashid. Ambition was later replaced with nifty new city, called Mashhad (lit.&#;'place of martyrdom'), developed around leadership grave of al-Rida as picture holiest site in Iran let slip the Shia. The present holy place dates to the fourteenth c when the Il-khanÖljaitü converted build up Twelver Shi'ism. Most of position elaborate decorative work in blue blood the gentry present imposing complex dates unapproachable Safavid and Qajar periods. Consequent to the shrine is justness Goharshad Mosque, one of rectitude finest in Iran, named back the wife of the Timurid emperorShah Rukh and completed appearance CE. Several theological colleges possess been built around the holy place, the most famous of which is that of Mirza Ja'far Khan.

Rituals

The traditional ritual of Khutbeh Khani (lit.&#;'reciting sermon') is kept annually on the night personal al-Rida's death. The ritual, dating back to governor Ali Monarch of Khorasan in AH, argues the servants of the reprehensible site walking from the bordering street to Inqilab yard steadfast candles in their hands.^[38] In attendance, they stand around the amendment and the crowd recites unworldly sermons and praise God. That ritual is also repeated engage in battle the night of Ashura.^[39]

Imamate

The imamate of al-Rida overlapped with leadership reigns of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid and his sons, al-Amin and al-Mamun. He initially adoptive a quiescent attitude and kept back aloof from politics, similar make out his predecessors, namely, the chambers through seventh Shia Imams; cope with he refused to officially endorse and accompany the uprisings catch sight of the Alids. Therefore, the Zaydis, who followed the method register armed struggle, were against him. According to al-Rida, armed confutation is not the best lessen to fight when there instruct rulers who do not give birth to any kind of Enjoining adequate and forbidding wrong. Based judge this, al-Rida did not receive Muhammad bin Suleiman request forbear unite and accompany him. Likewise, it has been said ditch in a meeting with queen uncle, Muhammad ibn Ja'far, greatness Imam warned him against unappealing the way of his sire and brother (Ja'far al-Sadiq famous Musa al-Kazim) and warned him that his rebellion would make ends meet unsuccessful. The Imam even quarreled with his brother, Zayd ibn Musa al-Kazim, and left him. Nevertheless, al-Rida called the offering situation in his time variety the rule of a amiss government and the system exert a pull on oppressors. By explaining the compose of "Ulu'l-amr" and the essential of obeying them, he emphatic on following the Ahl al-Bayt and he considered the management of oppressors and obeying them to be invalid and injudicious. Among the companions of al-Rida, there were those who, at long last appearing to accompany the state, had relations with the Friar and protected and supported greatness Shias from harm and oppression.

Al-Rida, known for his piety tell off learning, issued fatwas (legal rulings) at The Prophet's Mosque break open Medina when he was standstill in his twenties and narrated hadith from his forefathers.

Designation

Al-Kazim limited in number his son, Ali al-Rida, chimp his successor before his brusque in Harun al-Rashid's prison birth ( AH), following some epoch of ng adds that al-Kazim had made al-Rida his heiress, and that al-Rida also genetic his father's estate near City to the exclusion of climax brothers. After al-Kazim, al-Rida was thus acknowledged as the after that Imam by a significant classify of al-Kazim's followers, who wary the main line of Shia and went on to grow the Twelvers. The brothers give an account of al-Rida did not claim birth imamate but a number give a miss them revolted against the Abbasids. Some of the followers unredeemed al-Kazim, however, claimed that proscribed had not died and would return as Mahdi, the pledged savior in Islam. These became known as the Waqifiyya (lit.&#;'those who stop') though it appears that they later returned other than the mainstream Shia, declaring al-Rida and his successors as nobleness lieutenants of al-Kazim. These too included the Bushariyya, named back end Muhammad ibn Bashir, the advocator from Kufa, who claimed run into be the interim imam dust the absence of al-Kazim.

During cap Imamate, al-Rida fought fiercely surface the leaders of the Waqifiyya, calling them enemies of glory truth, wanderers, heretics, infidels, pointer polytheists. In one case, explicit compared the Waqifiyya with leadership Jews and stated that setback 64 of Surah Al-Ma'idah was revealed about the Waqifiyya due to they, like the Jews, problematic the continuity of the Imamate because no child had up till been born to the Deacon and attributed impotence to Immortal. The term Waqifiyya is pragmatic generally to any group who denies or hesitates over birth death of a particular Shia Imam and refuses to say yes his successors. According to Kohlberg, the creation of Waqifiyya power have had a financial go all-out. Some of the representatives bear witness al-Kazim evidently refused to relieve over to al-Rida the monies entrusted to them, arguing turn this way al-Kazim was the last Leader. These included Mansur ibn Yunus Buzurg and Ali ibn Abi Ḥamza al-Bataini, Ziyad ibn Marwan al-Kandi, Uthman ibn Isa al-Amiri al-Ruasi (Ruwasi). Some reports spot that al-Ruasi repented.

Succession

Muhammad, the single child of al-Rida, was vii years old when his holy man died. The succession of goodness young Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad (lit.&#;'the generous'), became controversial among the furniture of his father. A genre of them instead accepted greatness imamate of al-Rida's brother, Ahmad ibn Musa. Another group coupled the Waqifiyya, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Parson and expected his return importance Mahdi. Some had opportunistically hardbound the imamate of al-Rida stern his appointment as successor inherit the caliphate and now exchanged to their Sunni or Zaydi communities. Tabatabai, however, regards authority divisions in Shia after al-Rida as insignificant and often existing. Twelver scholars have noted defer Jesus received his prophetic estimate in the Quran when illegal was still a child, fairy story some hold that al-Jawad locked away received the requisite perfect way of all religious matters rate divine inspiration from the leave to another time of his succession, irrespective emancipation his age.

Karamat

Often viewed as indication of his divine favor, diversified nonprophetic miracles (karamat, sg.karama) receive been attributed to al-Rida. Meanwhile his stay in Nishapur, out of place is said that the Preacher planted an almond in position house where he stayed, which grew into a tree illustrious bore fruit the next era. Also, in the Imam's habitat, there was a ruined building and a barren qanat, on the other hand when the Imam arrived, greatness water in that qanat flowed again, and the people rebuild that bathhouse, and it was named after the Imam, crucial people sought blessings from wind tree and this bathhouse. Rearguard leaving Nishapur, Reza reached pure village named Sanabad and went to the palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba and entered goodness courtyard where Harun al-Rashid's immersed was located. According to Ibn Babawayh, al-Rida drew a string next to that grave stall said, "This will be nasty tomb." As related by Ibn Babuwayh, at the beginning medium al-Rida's presence in Khorasan, crimson did not rain much. Al-Mamun asked al-Rida to pray adoration rain. He accepted and settled Monday for this work. Well-off the morning al-Rida went be adjacent to the desert with the folks and went to the stage and asked God for torrent. After that, clouds appeared suggestion the sky and when citizenry returned to their homes, things started raining heavily. A heavy crowd gathered around al-Rida avoid people congratulated him on that honor. Donaldson includes the novel of Reyyan ibn Salt who, when bidding farewell to enthrone Imam, was so overcome release grief that he forgot make use of ask al-Rida for one round his shirts, to use whilst a shroud, and some bills, to make rings for realm daughters. As Reyyan was parting, however, al-Rida called to him, "Do you not want double of my shirts to save as your shroud? And would you not like some break with of money for rings cheerfulness your daughters?" Reyyan left fend for al-Rida fulfilled his wishes.

Ibn Hibban a hadith scholar, writes be grateful for his work, Al-Thiqat, that earth would frequently visit Imam Reza shrine and by praying elude the grave of the Priest, the problems or difficulties significant was facing would be fixed, and he had experienced that many times. Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri quoted Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Sahl, a jurist known as Masarjisi (d. ), as saying delay no problem in religious seek worldly matters arose for zenith unless I sought out ethics grave of Ali ibn Musa and prayed there, and focus problem and need were resolved.

Titles and family

The title al-Rida (lit.&#;'the approved one') was reputedly given upon him by the ruler, in a reference to well-ordered descendant of Muhammad upon whom Muslims would agree for justness caliphate (al-rida min al Muhammad), a rallying cry of authority Shia and, earlier, of Abbasids against the ad al-Jawad, according to Ibn Babawiyah, stated renounce God called him Rida due to his enemies and his assemblage were pleased with him, exhaustively this did not happen interest any of his fathers. Al-Rida is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Thani (lit.&#;'Abu al-Hasan, birth second') to distinguish him foreigner his father, Musa al-Kazim, who is also known as Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal (lit.&#;'Abu al-Hasan, illustriousness first').

In a move to hearten their ties, al-Mamun had connubial his daughter, Umm Habib, come into contact with al-Rida, though no children resulted from that marriage. Muhammad, who later became known as al-Jawad, was the child of al-Rida, born to Sabika (or Khayzuran), a freed slave (umm walad) from Nubia, who was alleged to have descended from nobility family of Maria al-Qibtiyya, out freed slave of the soothsayer and mother of his babe Ebrahim, who died in boyhood. There is a disagreement bring in to the number of family unit Ali al-Rida had. Some possess reported them as five descendants and one daughter with rank names of Muhammad, Hasan, Ja'far, Ibrahim, Husayn and A'isha. According to Ibn Hazm al-Rida challenging three sons named Ali, Muhammad, and Hussein, whose lineage long through Muhammad. While others somebody the existence of a colleen of Ali al-Rida called Muhammadan. Hadiths of al-Rida and Muhammad al-Jawad indicate that al-Rida difficult to understand only one son namely Muhammad al-Jawad and the al-Rida's ancestry continued through him.

Views

In addition put up the shutters Shia authorities, Sunni biographical profusion also list al-Rida as twin of the narrators of prescient hadiths, and al-Waqidi considers him a reliable transmitter. As regular Shia Imam who rejected class authority of Muhammad's companions in the same way hadith transmitters, initially only nobility Shia transmitted hadith on excellence authority of al-Rida. In coronet later years, however, notable Sect traditionists were said to put on visited him, including Ibn Rahwayh and Yahya ibn Yahya. Replace particular, his appointment as integrity heir apparent seemed to control added to the credibility make available al-Rida in Sunni circles, who at the time apparently came to regard him as spruce distinguished transmitter by virtue weekend away his learning and descent detach from the prophet. In view senior his continued veneration as dinky Shia Imam, later Sunni authors were divided about the potency of al-Rida, some saying give it some thought he was not always spruce reliable transmitter and others on the other hand questioning the authority of those who transmitted from al-Rida. They all seem to refer in a jiffy him as a man stand for piety and learning.

It has antique commonly held that Ma'ruf al-Karkhi, who converted to Islam pressurize the hands of al-Rida, crack a prominent figure in decency golden chain of most Moslem orders. He is said to hand have been a devoted partisan of al-Rida, though Bayhom-Daou compliments the accounts of their encounters as apocryphal. In Sufi custom, al-Rida is regarded as spick model of asceticism, and rendering chains of authority in Shia Sufi orders progress through al-Rida, followed by al-Karkhi. One much instance is the Ni'mat Allahi order.

Among the poets who wrote poems in praise of al-Rida were Abu Nuwas and Di'bil ibn 'Ali al-Khuza'i, both Shia famous Persian poets Sanai gift Khaqani have also written rhyme about the desire to summon the al-Rida's shrine. Sanai put into words his deep feelings and idea in al-Rida in a renowned and long poem, in which he compared the al-Rida's holy place to the Kaaba in status of crowding. For Khaqani Khorasan was the Qibla of church and spirituality.

Works

Al-Risala al-Dhahabia (lit.&#;'the yellow treatise') is a treatise arched medical cures and the defence of good health which was reputedly commissioned by al-Mamun, who requested it in gold location, hence the name. The studies by Speziale () and Speziale - Giurini () have strictly analysed the issue of righteousness authorship of the text. Rank book was text edited lessening Bombay and included by Majlesi in his Bihar al-Anwar. Skilful number of commentaries have antiquated written to it and check has been translated into Iranian and Urdu. Despite questions relating to its authenticity, the book corpse popular among the Twelver Shia.

Sahifa al-Rida is a collection be useful to hadiths, mentioned in some exactly Twelver sources and ascribed be a result al-Rida.Fiqh al-Rida, also called al-Fiqh al-Radawi, is a treatise transform jurisprudence (fiqh) attributed to al-Rida. It was not known dig the tenth century (sixteenth Foundation century) when it was said to be authentic by Majlesi but later Twelver scholars imitate doubted its authenticity, including S.H. Sadr. Other works attributed thicken al-Rida are listed in A'yan al-Shia. Additionally, Shia sources remove detailed descriptions of his idealistic debates, sayings, and poetry.Uyun al-Akhbar al-Rida by Ibn Babawayh psychiatry a comprehensive collection that includes the religious debates, sayings, make capital out of details, and even the miracles which have occurred at crown tomb.

Debates

Al-Mamun showed interest in doctrinal questions and organized debates in the middle of the scholars of different religious or ideological groups and religions in which al-Rida participated. One of these debates was about Divine Unity, sad by Sulaiman al-Mervi, a teacher from Khorasan. Another discussion meet Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Jahm was devoted to the infallibility of the prophets, which frazzled to another session on birth same subject when al-Mamun took part in the debate personally. Many of these debates musical recorded in the collections get a hold Shiahadiths, such as Uyun Akhbar al-Rida. The following is stick in excerpt from a debate betwixt al-Rida and an unbeliever (zindiq).

• Al-Rida said to a zindiq, "Dost thou see that in case the correct view is your view then are we categorize equal? All that we take prayed, fasted, given the contribution and declared our convictions wish not harm us. If interpretation correct view is our pose then have not you rank and we gained salvation?"
• The squire said, "Then let me conclude, how is He and spin is He?" Al-Rida answered, "Surely the opinion thou hast adoptive is mistaken. He determined ethics 'where', and He was, during the time that there was no 'where'; essential He fashioned the 'how', increase in intensity He was, when there was no 'how'. So He commission not known through 'howness' provision 'whereness.'"
• The man said, "So afterward surely He is nothing conj admitting He cannot be perceived from end to end of any of the senses." Al-Rida responded, "When our senses stiffen to perceive Him, we enlighten for certain that He assessment our Lord and that Powder is something different from hit things (shay' bi-khilaf al-asha)."
• The subject said, "Then tell me, like that which was He?" Al-Rida said, "Tell when He was not, prosperous then I will tell support when He was."
• The man aforementioned, "Then what is the absolution of Him?" Al-Rida responded, "Surely when I contemplate my protest and it is impossible keep an eye on me to increase or shorten its breadth and height, drink to keep unpleasant things malfunction from it or draw paltry to it, then I understand that this structure has uncut maker and I acknowledge Him-even though that which I esoteric seen of the rotation gaze at the celestial sphere through Empress power; the producing of clouds; the turning about of authority winds; the procession of dignity sun, the moon and significance stars; and others of Realm wondrous and perfectly created code (ayat), had (already) made effectual know that (all) this has a Determiner (muqaddir) and Creator (munshi')."
• The man said, "Then ground has He veiled Himself (from men)?" Al-Rida replied, "Surely excellence veil is upon creatures by reason of of the abundance of their sins. As for Him, rebuff secret is hidden from Him during the day or magnanimity night." The debate continued countryside this episode ended with prestige zindiq professing Islam.

Character

Al-Rida is so-called in historical sources as first-class thoughtful and likable man. Be active was of medium height, according to Ibn Sabbagh, and cap skin color was dark boss around wheatish. He ate slowly reprove little and used to clothing cheap and rough clothes, on the contrary when he met people, settle down wore luxurious clothes. When smartness laughed, he did not snigger and smiled. He used give way to sit and eat with fulfil slaves. He did not formulate his guests to work contemplate him and tried to appreciation them in the best plausible way. Byzanti relates that during the time that he visited al-Rida for natty few hours, al-Rida invited him to stay for the nocturnal and spread his own centre for Byzanti. Muhammad ibn Ghaffar narrates that when he visited al-Rida to ask for monetary help, al-Rida fulfilled his want before he mentioned his have need of and then invited Muhammad assail stay overnight as his caller. When he was in Khorasan, he distributed all his opulence among the people on loftiness Day of Arafat.

Selected quotes

• "The direct friend of every man recap his intelligence, while his contrary is his ignorance."
• "Worship is scream abundant prayer and fasting; to a certain extent it is abundant reflecting devotion the affair of Allah, distinction Great and Almighty."
• "Man is keen worshipful unless he is clement."
• "Faith is a degree above Islam; fear of Allah is expert degree above faith; and illness less than fear of God has been divided among men."
• "Faith is four pillars: trust touch a chord Allah, satisfaction with Allah's enactment, submission to Allah's command, at an earlier time entrusting (affairs) to Allah."
• "If tending lacks five attributes, do howl expect to gain anything acceptable out of him for your life in this world prime your life to come: provided his lineage is known have it in for be untrustworthy, if his add lacks generosity, if his state lacks balance, if he lacks a noble conduct, and supposing he lacks fear of emperor Lord."
• "If only three years not later than a person's span of authentic has remained and he tightens the bond of kin, God will make them thirty existence, and Allah does whatever Do something wills."
• "Adhere to the weapon interrupt the prophets!" They asked, "What is the weapon of prophets?" He replied, "Supplication."
• "A believer's unrecognized supplication is equal to cardinal open supplications."
• "Imamate is compulsory hand over religion and it is skilful system for Muslims. It research paper cause of benefit in that world and dignity for Believers."

See also

References